Gender Biased Culture

History of ancient world have shown that gender biased cultures have been in existence for more than thousand of years. The movie Mulan is a perfect example for a gender biased culture by giving the power to the men and withholding it from women. As I grew up in a gender biased cultures like India and Middle East, I can relate this movie with the gender issues in my generation. For many years, woman in these cultures must be fully covered from head to toe when in public, are not allowed to work, and are not allowed to drive.Mulan Fa, the main character in the movie, comes to her elderly fathers defense and refuses to let him go and fight in the Emperor's army. She takes matters into her own hands and cuts her hair and puts on her fathers armor to become a man and take his place in the battle. When my father was immigrated to United States America, I and my mother have to stay in India until I finish my high school. In the movie, Mulan is an only child and her father has a physical di sability, so Mulan and her mother ended up having to take on traditionally male roles in the house for their family to get by.When I was little, I helped my mother with chores outside my home such as running to stores to buy groceries, pay bills, etc. In my culture, when a girl hits puberty, she is not allowed to go outside of home by herself or without covering from head to toe with hijab. So when I hit puberty I was stopped by my grandparents from going out of my house except for school. After I moved to United States, I started to work part time as I go to school. So, I was the first woman in my family to go to work and drive.In the movie, Mulan feels that she should be able to do all the things males do and do them with pride and dignity. Likewise, it was hard for me as I grew up as a tomboy. If a female follows a male's style of life are seen as tomboys and are outlawed in my society. Even my mother did not like to keep me in house but she was afraid of the society we have live d in. So, my parents have decided to move to United States as I can have a life with freedom especially from gender biased culture.Like in the movie Mulan, in my culture, men traditionally have the rigorous and more physically demanding chores around the house as in; taking out the trash, mowing lawns, and working to provide for the family Whereas women traditionally have less physically demanding tasks such as having dinner ready and on the table when the husband comes home, they are supposed to clean the house and take care of kids and strictly forbidden from working. This movie came when I was 12 but I saw this movie when I was 18. I liked that movie so much and I thought I was like Mulan. I think this gender biased culture is unhealthy for both gender.It is unfair for men as they must choose their true selves and it is unfair for women and girls as they cannot develop their own talent if its too masculine. The story of this movie Mulan seems to be known and told for more than th ousands of years. The chinese in the ancient world wore the dress called Hanfu (â€Å"kwintessential†). When Mulan and the other girls go to see the matchmaker they are all wearing Hanfu. When every family is told that it must send a man to fight in the war her father prepares to go but Mulan decides to go in his stead In order to do this she has to cut her hair short and dress as a man.The movie supports the Mulan story where women must cross-dress to achieve the same accomplishments as men. The movie Mulan summarizes all of the cultures beliefs and thoughts on gender myths and determination. Even now, in some asian countries like in India, China, killing female babies and fetus is still happening. It is because of belief in many cultures that a male can support a family but not female. In many cultures since the beginning of time have had the same attitude towards gender and sex; they are in favor of the masculine male.

Into Communication in Health and Social Care

Q 6 : Give four examples of how you can you check a person has understood what you have communicated ? To check by repeating whethet the person has understood. can Be checked the person is following the instruction what has given By responding if the person has understood what has said to him By showing reaction. Q 3 A: You will have to know how to recognise what is being communicated to you and be able to commmunicate with others without always having to use words. Consider reading: How and When to Seek Advice About CommunicationWhen carried out the previous activity you will have found out that there are many factors that told you what your patiant was trying to communicate it is not only the expression on people s faces that tells you about how they fell Q 2: Identify five ways communication can help you in your work and why ? 1: Writing reports -I will write report about individuals so next shift staff can read and affect accordingly. By completing charts and records. I will mention in the care plan if any Changes have made in my shift which will help for all staff.I will communicate with my colleagues and pass all information regarding individuals. By recording and sharing appropriate information. 3 Explain why it is important to observe an individual s reactions (facial expressions,body language etc) when communicating with them ? All communication has an effect on the person you are communicating with it is a two way process called an int eraction, and it is important that you watch the effects so that any problems can be identified and dealt with.Any relationship comes about through communication in order to be effective in providing care and support, you must learn to be a good communicator. Buy communication is much more than talking to people. People communicate through A speaking,facial expression,body language, position,dress,gestures. 4: Indentify twelve barriers to effective communication ? 1: Not listening 2 : Using jargon 3 : Using slang 4 : Physical barrier 5 : Attitudinal barrier 6 : Interpersonal communication 7 : Poor lighting 8 : Inappropriate temperture : Lack of basic communication skills 10 : Lack of knowledge Emotional interference Semantic communication Q 9 : How do you seek advice regarding confidentiality ? You should seek advice on confidentiality when ever you are asked to disclose information (whether in writing or verbally) about an identifiable individual that. Includes information about bo th clients and colleagues. The only time it permissible to breach confidentiality is if you receive information. That an individual is considering actions that may bring harm to themselves or others. 0 : When would you ask for advice about confidentiality ? The only time you seek advice when a child or adult has spoke to you in confidentiality is when that person is in danger for example. If being sexually abused. Physically abused. Threatening to kill them selves etc. If the person in care is not in any danger then what is spoken between carer and caregiver has to remain between them two. Q 8 : Give three examples of when confidential information may need to be passed on ? 1 : To protect the best interests of the individual where they are risk at harm. : To protect an indiviuals health. 3 : To protect the health and safety. Q 7 : What does the term confidentiality mean ? A : It means that whatever information you tell to a service will not be passed on and the person you see won't tell anyone that you've been to see him or her without your permission . It gets more complicated if you want to talk to the service about something that he or she thinks may be harming you or someone else,like you're being hurt by someone or someone is making you do something you don't want to do .If that happens the service will talk to you and try to persuade you to get help. but if you don't agree the service can get help without your permission if he or she thinks it's best for you. This will only happen if the service is concerned about your safety. Q 6 : Give four examples of how you can you check a person has understood what you have communicated ? To check by repeating whethet the person has understood. 2: can Be checked the person is following the instruction what has given. 3: By responding if the person has understood what has said to him. 4: By showing reaction.Q 3 : A: You will have to know how to recognise what is being communicated to you and be able to commmunicate with others without always having to use words. When carried out the previous activity you will have found out that there are many factors that told you what your patiant was trying to communicate it is not only the expression on people s faces that tells you about how they fell. Q 2: Identify five ways communication can help you in your work and why ? 1: Writing reports -I will write report about individuals so next shift staff can read and affect accordingly. 2: By completing charts and records. : I will mention in the care plan if any Changes have made in my shift which will help for all staff. 4: I will communicate with my colleagues and pass all information regarding individuals. 5: By recording and sharing appropriate information. Q 3 : Explain why it is important to observe an individual s reactions (facial expressions,body language etc) when communicating with them ? All communication has an effect on the person you are communicating with it is a two way process called an in teraction, and it is important that you watch the effects so that any problems can be identified and dealt with.Any relationship comes about through communication in order to be effective in providing care and support,you must learn to be a good communicator. Buy communication is much=0D=0Amore than talking to people. People communicate through speaking,facial expression,body language, position,dress,gestures. Q 4: Indentify twelve barriers to effective communication ? 1: Not listening 2 : Using jargon 3 : Using slang 4 : Physical barrier 5 : Attitudinal barrier 6 : Interpersonal communication 7 : Poor lighting 8 : Inappropriate temperture : Lack of basic communication skills 10 : Lack of knowledge 11 : Emotional interference 12 : Semantic communication=0D=0A Q 2: Identify five ways communication can help you in your work and why ? 1: Writing reports -I will write report about individuals so next shift staff can read and affect accordingly. 2: By completing charts and records. 3: I will mention in the care plan if any Changes have made in my shift which will help for all staff. 4: I will communicate with my colleagues and pass all information regarding individuals. : By recording and sharing appropriate information. =0D=0AQ 3 : Explain why it is important to observe an individual s reactions (facial expressions,body language etc) when communicating with them ? All communication has an effect on the person you are communicating with it is a two way process called an interaction, and it is important that you watch the effects so that any problems can be identified and dealt with. Any relationship comes about through communication in order to be effective in providing care and support,you must learn to be a good communicator.Buy communication is much more than talking to people. People communicate through speaking,facial expression,body language, position,dress,gestures. Q 4: Indentify twelve barriers to effective communication ? 1: Not listening 2 : Using jargon 3 : Using slang 4 : Physical barrier 5 : Attitudinal barrier 6 : Interpersonal communication 7 : Poor lighting 8 : Inappropriate temperture 9 : Lack of basic communication skills 10 : Lack of knowledge 11 : Emotional interference 12 : Semantic communication Q 9 : How do you seek advice regarding confidentiality ? #You should seek advice on confidentiality when ever you are asked to disclose information (whether in writing or verbally) about an identifiable individual that. Includes information about both clients and colleagues. The only time it permissible to breach confidentiality is if you receive information. That an individual is considering actions that may bring harm to themselves or others. Q 10 : When would you ask for advice about confidentiality ? The only time you seek advice when a child or adult has spoke to you in confidentiality is when that person is in danger for example. If being sexually abused. Physically abused.Threatening to kill them selves etc. If the person in care is not in any danger then what is spoken between carer and caregiver has to remain between them two. Q 8 : Give three examples of when confidential information may need to be passed on ? 1 : To protect the best interests of the individual where they are risk at harm. 2 : To protect an indiviuals health 3 : To protect the health and safety. Q 7 : What does the term confidentiality mean ? It means that whatever information you tell to a service will not be passed on and the person you see won't tell anyone that you've been to see him or her without your permission .It gets more complicated if you want to talk to the service about something that he or she thinks may be harming you or someone else,like you're being hurt by someone or someone is making you do something you don't want to do . If that happens the service will talk to you and try to persuade you to get help. but if you don't agree the service can get help without your permission if he or she thinks it's best for yo u. This will only happen if the service is concerned about your safety.

Oil and Gas Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Oil and Gas Management - Essay Example Another basic form of unconventional methods is the conversion of coal and gas using synthetic fuel techniques and advanced technology. Unconventional methods of drilling oil are still in their beginning phase and have come out of the need by the advanced nations to cater for the demand and balance it with the supply for continuous use. However, these methods have had their possible dangers especially to human health and the impacts to the environment.Conventional or otherwise the traditional methods pose enormous losses and environmental impacts on the subjects. Firstly, they destroy the formation of the earth’s crust and core. The drilling of the well to create room for exerting pressure so as to extract the oil is by itself noise pollution and especially to the people living around the mining sites and more so to those undertaking the drilling works (Boesch and Rabalais, 2000, p.117). Potential environmental disasters arise in the sense that there are threats posed to the w ildlife living nearby that has to flee to create room for the drilling process; displacement. This, in turn, threatens the survival of wildlife and especially with the availability of predators thus causing the extinction of some species. Drilling requires broad land occupation and the possible environmental impacts would be the release of harmful air into the environment, contamination of groundwater from uncontrolled gas, fluids and spills and even uncontrolled waste discharges and leakages.

Cultural Landscape and Regeneration (The Olympic Stadium 2012) Essay

Cultural Landscape and Regeneration (The Olympic Stadium 2012) - Essay Example Back in the 1980s, hosting the Olympic Games was thought of as a financial and administrative burden to the organizing city and country. This view was confirmed by Montreal's horrendous loss of 692 million in the staging of the 1976 summer Olympics. The 1972 summer Olympics in Munich made a loss of 178 million. However, it was in the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics that the city organizers posted a whopping 215 million in revenues. The City of London's plan to stage the 2012 Olympics and Paralympics centre will contribute to the regeneration of the Lower Lea Valley around Stratford in the east of the city. The goal of the UK government is to build structures that will be useful even after the Olympics. The key venues would all be located in a 500-acre Olympic precinct to be set in 1,500 acres of parkland stretching from Hackney Marshes to the River Thames. Among the facilities being prepared are as follows: an 80,000-seater Olympic stadium at Marshgate Lane in the heart of the Olympic precinct in Stratford to stage the athletics and opening/closing ceremonies and a 25,000-seater athletics stadium after the games, with a sports training, science and medicine centre. There will be a 20,000-seater aquatic centre which will The centre will contain two 50m swimming pools and a 25m diving pool, staging swimming, diving, synchronized swimming, the water polo finals and the modern pentathlon swimming. A velodrome and BMX track located at the Eastway Sports Centre alongside the existing Eastway cycling circuit for track and BMX cycling can accommodate 6,000 spectators. A multi-sport complex of four indoor sports arenas located at Hackney Wick on the site of the former Hackney Greyhound Stadium to stage basketball, fencing, handball, volleyball and modern pentathlon events. A hockey complex comprising two competition stadiums and one warm-up pitch located alongside the Olympic Village site.Stratford Park will also have the Olympic Park tennis complex for training purposes and Paralympic events. In addition, an Olympic Village accommodating 17,000 beds will be located next to Stratford International Rail Terminal and would become housing after the Games. A media complex less than five minutes' drive from the Olympic stadium, comprising a 65,000 square-metre single-storey International Broadcast Centre and a 45,000 square-metre two-storey Main Press Centre. the south of the Olympic Park Zone would b e another cluster of venues on both sides of the River Thames. The plans are designed to fit in with the International Olympic Committee's ideal of a compact Games, with more than half of the events within a 15-minute drive of the Olympic village, itself just three miles from the heart of the capital.Zevi, et. al., (1957) states that architecture deals with a concrete phenomenon which is entirely different: here, man moving about within the building, studying it from successive points of views, himself creates. Architecture takes into account interior space. Beautiful architecture would then be architecture in which the interior space attracts us, elevates us and dominates us spiritually. Ugly architecture would be that in which the interior space disgusts and repels us.The establishment of Olympic facilities is helpful to a country particularly when the government authorities decide to shoulder the expenses related to all its activities. Mules and Faulkner's (1996) stressed that th e public sector plays a pivotal

Roosevelt's Foreign Policy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Roosevelt's Foreign Policy - Case Study Example During the twenties the American people showed in elections that they were unwilling to join the League, and Roosevelt himself came to distrust it as a distortion of Wilson's project. Advocates of collective security held the United States partly responsible for this distortion because its absence encouraged use of the League for narrowly nationalist purposes by the other victorious Allies. In any case, isolationist sentiment in the Democratic Party became so strong that, in 1932, it was politically expedient for Roosevelt as a presidential candidate to reject United States entry into the League, and this he did before he was nominated. The most important step of the United States government towards collective security before 1933 was the Stimson Doctrine. By it the United States led the world in its first action against an aggression by a first-class power, Japan. It carried into practice the revolution in international law which had occurred since pre First World War days, when the rule had been general consent by the other powers to conquests by one nation and demands for shares in the spoils as compensation. Even the United States had on occasion played that game. When it took the Philippine Islands for itself, it threw a few other Spanish Pacific islands to Germany to quiet its complaints. Japan was always ready to "compensate" the powers, and particularly the United States, for its own gains in Manchuria and China, but the Stimson Doctrine marked a new era in which an aggressor became a criminal who could not bribe the jury. Its ultimate importance may be gauged by the fact that Beard points to Roosevelt's pr e-Inauguration agreement to maintain it as "a fateful step leading in the direction of Pearl Harbour." 1 A supporter of the policy would call it the first of the series of actions which led the United States into the United Nations. That a Republican administration should abandon imperialism in Latin America and move towards collective security in Asia has puzzled observers and historians. The development of public opinion was basic. The personal pacifism of President Hoover was doubtless influential. The Hoover administration was divided between internationalists led by Stimson, who advocated the new policies as steps towards full cooperation with the League of Nations, and imperialists who wished to checkmate Japan as a trade rival and to sacrifice the small gains of direct intervention in the Caribbean republics for the sake of large gains in Latin American good will and trade. Roosevelt and Hull, like Stimson, regarded the new policies as minimum steps. But these renovations of foreign policy passed almost unnoticed by the public at large as the depression caused painful absorption in domestic affairs. The Hoover administration, with its gift for boring the public, had failed to dramatize the issues. Roosevelt, after he was elected President and before he was inaugurated, found in the Stimson Doctrine the only area in which he could cooperate with the outgoing administration. He promised Stimson to maintain his policy and confirmed the promise in a public statement. 2 This connection was the only one Roosevelt was willing to establish with the Hoover administration after the bitter election campaign, and it is symbolic of continuity in favour of collective securi

Vice advertising - cont Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Vice advertising - cont - Essay Example This paper analyses the problems associated with unhealthy advertising to children and teens and proposes certain solutions to avoid it. Tobacco companies exploit the hero-worshipping attitudes of younger generation cleverly with the help of beautiful ads and children and teens become the victims of such misleading ads. Smoking often causes lung cancer, heart diseases, asthma, cough etc. Instead of revealing these health problems of smoking, tobacco companies in their advertisements describe smoking as a pleasant act which gives immense satisfaction and pleasure to the smoker. Majority of the tobacco companies have celebrities as their brand ambassador. For example, tobacco companies often utilize film stars for advertising their cigarettes. The mannerisms and the body languages of the film stars in the tobacco advertisements will encourage the hero-worshipping teen generation to imitate their heartthrobs blindly. Children and teens have the inherited trait to imitate others. They learn life lessons from parents, teachers and celebrities. They are not much aware of the consequences of smoking. Only thing they know is that their hero is smoking and therefore they can also smoke. Thank You for Smoking is a 2005 comedy film which portrays the efforts of a person to promote cigarettes using heavy spin tactics while also trying to remain a role model in front of his child (Thank You for Smoking). People usually demonstrate many faces in their social, personal, family and professional lives. A loyal husband in personal life need not be the same in his social life. Same way, a good parent in family life need not be the same in his professional life. People usually forced to do many things even though they are not much interested in it. Circumstances force people to engage in unpleasant behaviors. For example, even nonsmoking film stars forced to act like a smoker in many films. This is because

Health Care Reform in America Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Health Care Reform in America - Research Paper Example The contention was supported by authors Siegel, Mead and Burke (2008) who revealed an analogous argument in the rising costs of healthcare services coupled with the increasing number of Americans who are uninsured. The American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO) emphasized that â€Å"some  47 million U.S. residents have no health insurance, and the numbers keep growing† (AFL-CIO, 2011, par. 1). In view of this, the current administration has enacted the Affordable Care Act that envisions implementing â€Å"comprehensive health insurance reforms that will hold insurance companies more accountable, lower health care costs, guarantee more health care choices, and enhance the quality of health care for all American† (USDHHS: Health Care, n.d, par. 1). The purposes of the reform are as follows: to broaden the population that receives health care coverage through either public sector insurance programs or private sector insurance companies; to expand the array of health care providers consumers may choose from; to improve the access to health care specialists; to improve the quality of healthcare; to give more care to citizens; and to decrease the cost of healthcare, among others. (PLS CITE YOUR SOURCE) Health care reform is therefore important to all Americans in terms of making health care accessible to more affordable health coverage through the following strategies, to wit: â€Å"(1) sets up a new competitive private health insurance market; (2) holds insurance companies accountable; and (3) puts our budget and economy on a more stable path† (USDHHS: Health Care, n.d., pars. 6 to 8). 1965 President Lyndon Johnson Lyndon enacted legislation which introduced Medicare covering both hospital and general medical insurance for senior citizens paid for by a Federal employment tax over the working life of the retiree, and Medicaid permitted the Federal government to partially fund a program for the poor, with the program managed and co-financed by the individual states.  

Language development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Language development - Essay Example Language development in a child is more than just learning to say " dada", "baba", or mama". They have to develop the ability to listen, understand and speak to others. This site explains the different stages in toddlers first years to the subsequent years. Language development involves good vision and auditory skills. . The technique involved in taking a more active role in the child's language development is by talking more often to the child about everyday activities like brushing teeth, drinking milk, etc. keeping eye contact and speaking clearly to a child with a comfortable distance. Stressing on syllables is important and listening to what the child says. If a child has problem in pronouncing some words instead of pointing mistakes repeat the words and sentences. Reading is another technique to improve language development in a child. Eventually it helps a child in writing as well. This site also explains the activities that can help language development in a child like singing songs, making faces, picture books, nursery rhymes, matching games etc.It also explains the importance of cognitive, social, and emotional development. . Language via the Internet: Language development is the task of preparing a language to serve as a tool of literacy and education. Any natural language is already a suitable tool for oral communication. The prophets of doom emerge every time a new technology influences language. It happened in the 15 the century when printing was introduced, then again when the telephone was introduced in 19 th century, and when broadcasting came in the 20 th century: and they gathered again when Internet writing broke several of and spelling, says Crystal. Internet is allowing us to explore... The human languages are known as natural language, artificial languages , constructed languages (individual groups have constructed for practical, experimental, personal or ideological reasons), formal languages, and the programming languages.Language development is the task of preparing a language to serve as a tool of literacy and education. Any natural language is already a suitable tool for oral communication. The prophets of doom emerge every time a new technology influences language. It happened in the 15 the century when printing was introduced, then again when the telephone was introduced in 19 th century, and when broadcasting came in the 20 th century: and they gathered again when Internet writing broke several of and spelling, says Crystal. Internet is allowing us to explore once more. Crystall concludes that a surprisingly small number of new words have been spawned while texting, blogging and other forms have given radical opportunities to develop new stylistic rules. He believes that the new forms of interaction seen in the Internet are far more important than changes in vocabulary, grammar, and spelling. Finally, as the internet becomes more linguistically varied, it also extends a hand to minority languages and it speakers. It helps speakers of minority language to maintain virtual contact through email, chat and instant messaging environments. The recent technologies like email and text messaging will transform language in a way that certain words might become obsolete.

The Wage setting model of unemployment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Wage setting model of unemployment - Essay Example Wage setters cannot factually set the actual wage. In fact, the real wage weighs the purchasing power of those earning wages and is thus equivalent to the cash wage divided by the level of consumer prices. Wage setters can therefore set the money in their firm or in their economic sector. These wage setters set cash wage as per their expectation of the price level of consumers. Consequently, they set an expected actual wage in relation to the level of unemployment. Using the wage setting model of unemployment to explain and discuss the following statements: a). Competition between the employed and the unemployed is critical in Maintaining a low natural rate of unemployment A natural rate of employment refers to the unemployment rate when the labour market is at its equilibrium. NRU can also be the difference between people who would wish to get a job at the present wage rate and the people who are willing and at the same time, able to take a job. It is caused by supply side factors a s opposed to demand side factors. In connection to the wage setting model, it can be argued that, competition between the employed and the unemployed is critical in maintain a low natural rate of unemployment because it enables the wage negotiations to be more decentralized. This takes place at a smaller economic unit level. The lower the specified unit, the more competition it faces, which makes the labour demand more flexible (Blanchard & Katz 1970). To maintain law natural rate of unemployment, there must be competition of the unemployed and unemployed so that there can be at one end, an individual’s level and infinite elasticity on the other. Since an employed person fears the risk of being replaced with another person who is ready and willing to take up the job, thus lowering the equilibrium wage. If the centralization level of wage bargains goes up and if trade unions are inclusive, then an economy that is highly unionized can attain low unemployment rates. Nations with very decentralized wage-setting obtain a low rate of employment because of competition in the labour market. In an economy without competition the employed and unemployed, there might be a two-tier society, having a class of unstable workers who may be forced to wonder between poor-waged jobs and unemployment. As far as this is concerned, the bottle tends to be half full/half empty. While the labour market is actually dual when one looks solely at the jobs, one should also look at the unemployed individuals. At one extreme, this may imply that only specific people would always hold specific jobs, but on the other hand, the unemployed may have better skills and ready to work but with no opportunity to do so. Competition is therefore important in maintaining low natural rates of unemployment because it gives firms an opportunity to effectively screen and pick employees, an option that is vital in determining the amount of wages to be allocated in accordance to the work experience and skills, thus ensuring that there is a balance between the employed and unemployed (Burda & Wyplosz, 2013). It is also important to note that competition is crucial for the reason that, the employed personnel working on contract terms may wield pressure on the benefit systems of the unemployed, in case they are eligible to do so. The increase in job turnover may adversely raise the number of qualified claimants and place wage pressure on the unemployment benefit administration.

Ict implementation Essay Example for Free

Ict implementation Essay Once the system is created, it is important to test the system, this is so I can discover any faults within the system and to make sure that I have met the end user requirements The system will be tested with: normal data ( data which is the normal to test) Extreme data ( data which is exceeded test range) Erroneous data( data which is totally wrong to test) Macro testing Formula testing- formulas must be correct and linked to specific cells VLookups- must be correct and linked to specific cells the lay out of the test pan will be in table format , illustrating each test as fully as possible at this stage . the plan will include the following column heading:# test no . test criteria what is to be tested test purpose why is it been tested data what data is used to [perform the test ie. Normal extreme expected outcomes actual outcome i will produce evidence of my test results by illustrating each one with screen shots and all will be cross referenced and annotated properly this will be shown after the implementation is done . Testing User interface Test number Test criteria Test purpose Expected outcome Actual outcome 1 Click the command button stock list. To check the stock table opens The overall stock sheet should open The stock list worksheet opens 2 Click the command button customer details To check the customer details opens The overall customer details should open The customer details worksheet opens 3 Click the command button Build your own pc To check the Build your own pc opens The overall Build your own pc should open The Build your own pc worksheet opens 4 Click the command button Invoice To check the Invoice opens The overall Invoice should open The Invoice worksheet opens 5. Click the command button Exit To check the Exit worksheet opens The overall Exit worksheet should open The worksheet exits and saves as requested 6 Click the command button HELP To check the help button /Vba opens The help button should open with a message box The help button opens showing a message box Screen shots of Testing : Test number 1 The user clicks on the stock list button and the stock list worksheet opens: As you can see below the worksheet stock list opens and works Test number 2 The user clicks on the stock list button and the customer details worksheet opens: As you can see below the worksheet customer details opens and works Test number 3 The user clicks on the stock list button and the Build your own pc worksheet opens: As you can see below the worksheet customer details opens and works Test number 4 The user clicks on the stock list button and the invoice worksheet opens: As you can see below the worksheet invoice opens and works: Test number 5 1) the user clicks on the command button exit below is what message box appears this give us 2 options. If I dint want to exit excel is would click no and the message box that will appear is : If I clicked yes my work would get saved and it would exit my worksheet . Test number 6 The user clicks on the command button (a) help a message box should appear as shown below (a) As you can see below the help button opens . Test number 7 The user clicks on the homage button (1) and the homepage worksheet will open (2) (1)Homepage button (2) as you can see below the homepage opens once the homage navigation button has been clicked Test number 8 The user clicks on the worksheet button invoice (1)as shown below and the following will show(2) (1)user clicks the button. (2) As you can see below the invoice worksheet opens Test number 9 Stock list worksheet Test number Test criteria Test purpose Expected outcome Actual outcome 7 Click the command button home page To check the if the button goes to the home page The homepage should open The homepage worksheet should open 8 Click the command button invoice To check the Invoice opens The overall Invoice should open The Invoice worksheet opens 9 Click the command button hide grid lines To check if the gridlines disappear when clicked The grid lines should disappear. The grid lines did not show on the worksheet 10 Click the command button show grid lines To check the button shows the gridlines The gridlines should show The gridlines show on the worksheet 11 Click the command button print To check the button prints the worksheet out The stockist worksheet should print out The worksheet printed out . Customer details(worksheet) Test number Test criteria Test purpose Expected outcome Actual outcome 11 12 13 14 15 Design your own pc (worksheet) Test number Test criteria Test purpose Expected outcome Actual outcome. 16 17 18 19 20 Invoice(worksheet) Test number Test criteria Test purpose Expected outcome Actual outcome 21 22 23 24 25 Implementation User interface To set up my new computer system I need to use a spreadsheet software package and so I choose to use Microsoft excel. I used this software as it is simple to use for setting up and provides the most commonly used spreadsheet package . This means that the most of the people who are able to use the pc and use Excel , and I know that the employees at PC systems who will be using the system can use the software. I collected the data for the spreadsheet by contacting Pc Systems contacting office , materials and extra and for the pc parts and other information I used from the PC Systems website. How to record the macros on the user interface and all pages Firstly I used clip are as shown below to get the pictures for my user interface: Below is how I opened the clipart menu Once the clip are menu is opened I searched for the following items for the pictures to come up that I used for my interface clip art menu The following clip art images I used for my interface as shown below. MACROS Once the pictures are in place I now can record the macros I need to navigate around the spreadsheet as shown below . Step 1 : Firstly I needed to click on tools then macro and then record new macro as shown below Step 2 Then I give a name for my macro . eg macro 1 then press OK Step 3 Now you will see a little play and pause button icon as shown below Step 4 Now I have to select the destination of the macro as you can see at the bottom of the worksheets there are named worksheets eg when I made the customer details macro I will do the following as shown below. Once customer details has been selected I then clicked stop on the macro button as shown below . Step 5 once I had clicked stop I then clicked on the picture which was relevant to customer details as shown below then right click on the picture and select assign macro as shown here Step 6 Then once it has opened now I will select the macro I have just made to link it with the button as show below Once macro 1 is found then click OK and the macro works and it links to the customer worksheet. I did this to all my macros which are link on the user inter face as shown below I used the same method on all 4 of them. I also have navigation buttons on the other worksheets to return to the user interface so the user can move around my spreadsheet quick and efficiently. VBA code : Vba code is useful for producing message boxes , and are easy to do as shown below and again they are linked to my picture Help I opened vba up as by pressing ALT, F11 together and this screen should appear: (1) (2) entering the code as shown below into vba . I have included the following message for the user so if they have problems with the software or with any formulas or buttons they can contact the helpline so I can help them and guide them in the write direction . Now right click on the picture as I said before and assign macro and then choose helpline and once it is done the outcome is Now I am going to make an exit button using vba so the user can exit excel immediately and saving there work at the same time . using this button below . this method is used again by right clicking on the picture and assigning the macro as shown below : Then open up VBA as shown above. Now enter the code as shown below Once this coded is entered I linked it with my button as shown in the other example and the out come should be as shown below .. first click on the exit icon then this message box will appear If no then If yes then application quits successfully. Named ranges Once I have entered the stock information into my spreadsheet I need to name the ranges to use them in a v look up . to make it easier for the use to make calculations and search for the criteria needed to run the system correctly Step 1 I highlighted customer details as shown below Then I named the highlighted items customerddd as shown below using the toolbar as shown below :then I pressed enter so that it confirms that the name has been changed and is saved . I used this method to name all of my ranges and named them appropriately. To show all of the named ranges I did the following InserName define Then this toolbox opens showing all the named ranges and the formulas in the specific range as shown below . here you can add names and delete them . V-look ups Combo boxes A combo box sometimes called a drop down box is a list of items from which you can choose one item of data. To open the combo box menu I needed to right click on the mouse and select forms as shown below : Once I have clicked on the forms the menu below opened : As shown above I then selected the combo box item, then I drew the combo box in the correct column to make it look professional as shown below . Once I drew the combo boxes they need to be linked to a Vlookup and I need to format the control to link with the specific sell eg, product number as shown below(2) (1) (2) First I had to right click on the combo box and select the format control as shown below ` Spinners A spinner button enables you to increase or decrease the value of a number in a cell by clicking the control. firstly I right clicked on the excel tool bar and selected forms as shown below . Then I selected the spinner from this menu choice as shown below . Then I drew the spinner on my spreadsheet as shown below : Then I needed to format the spinner to a specific cell to make calculations as shown below . i firstly right clicked on the spinner and the menu below appeared I then selected format control as shown below and the following message box appeared . Evaluation In my evaluation I will first of all consider each of the end user requirements stated in the specification in turn and my objectives , and evaluate the success of below are my general objectives. Start up screen and Homepage buttons and links to all the pages back and forth . I have met this objective as My spreadsheet has a start up screen and various buttons which were requested by the user so the user can move around the spreadsheet efficiently and are able to open and close worksheets also there are 2 other buttons which I used vb code so if the user gets stuck or damages the spreadsheet they contact the help line also there is a save and exit button which will make a back up of the work for future reference and a print button eg. For the output of the invoice as needed which will save a lot of time compared to the old system where everything is done by paper and when a record needs to be found it took a long time and even got lost on the other hand the spreadsheet saves records and time and is much more reliable and efficient compared to the old system Various work sheets such as , hardware sheet ,invoice sheet etc I have met this objective as there are 4 separate work sheets to separate the collection of data (stock) and the output(invoice) 4 separate sheets helps the user move around the interface smoothly as he can open and close the preferred work sheet as needed. Automatically store customer details and what they have bought. Once item is bought it is taken away from the stock. Protect the work sheet so no formulas can be altered by the user . Use formulas to calculate total cost and vat etc Labels to help the customer when moving on to a button option boxes to let the user choose the best product eg memory for them Limitations In the system there are various limitations I have recognised. In one of my validations it wasnt accurate as when I typed in incorrect data the error message wasnt displayed .this would then create inaccurate data as the user wouldnt be aware of there mistakes Improvements In the system there are various improvements that can be made to improve the overall system Also to improve my system I would create a separate spreadsheet that contains each customers details of the products they have previously bought and what they have ordered so the end user knows what the existing customers have bought so the user can deciide to give discount for spending so much money etc valuable customer. End user comments. I arranged a meeting with mr Anderson who will be using the system to see how he feels about It and helps reduce work load that he originally had to do . I first of all gave the end user a couple of days to familiarise to the new system . Here are the end user comments :   The deign is practical and doesnt irate the eyes the colour is restful and doesnt distract the users attention .   Navigation is easy , as is adding and deleting information   Alternating through the worksheets are very easy   The out out of the system (the invoice) are very organise and very consistant. The macros , formulas and v look ups help reduce lots of manual imput which saves time .   There are few errors made as validation used on different data helps keep data accurate and up to date My overall comments I think my design is reliable and easy to use , there are only a few things that I can change and they are mentioned in my improvements , I think I have reduced massed amounts of user input compared to the paper work what they had to do before which took allot of time and effort , also the system looks professional and is very efficient and is very user friendly. User guide Contents page Description Page Introduction / Installing / Opening the system 1 Functions of the user interface Customer sheet Entering customer details Deleting customer details Introduction Welcome to the Invoicing System. This system has been created so that you can create an invoice in a seconds compared to the paper work that you used to do. Installation The system works directly off the USB memory stick, or alternatively you can copy it to the computer and run it from your computer. Simply press ctrl c on the Invoicing System file, and then press ctrl v in on the hardrive or in my documents on your computer Opening the spreadsheet system   Insert the USB stick.   Next, click on My Computer Next, open the memory stick (a). If the logo is not there then wait for a couple of minutes as computer may be trying to detect the key or press F5 to refresh the page to help the computer detect the inputted device . then click on the invoice system (b) and open the file. (A) (b) Once the system has been opened the following pop up will appear about the security of the spreadsheet on the screen as shown below If this is presented then simply click on Enable Macros. This will activate the buttons in your spreadsheet . but if you click disable the spreadsheet will open but the macro buttons will not work which will effect the spreadsheets efficiency (C)The screen below will be presented once the spreadsheet has opened below : User interface. The user interface is the heart of the system which allows you to access the invoice system, and to access the stock list and access the customers list and allow users to choose what they would like to buy. To do this, simply click on the buttons at the top of the screen. These buttons are on all sheets, in the same place and with the same names, they will all open their appropriate areas when you click on them and do the tasks the same . Customers To enter the customers details into the system, you will first need to select the button from any area. This will open up the customers sheet which should look something like the one below.

Static Channel Versus Dynamic Channel Allocation Systems Computer Science Essay

Static Channel Versus Dynamic Channel Allocation Systems Computer Science Essay Abstract- Channel Allocation Schemes have always held a vital role in achieving better performance of wireless networks. This paper has studied the comparison between two of the most known techniques of channel allocation namely: Static Channel Allocation and Dynamic Channel Allocation. The comparison is made over two types of networks single radio network, in which each of wireless node is equipped with only one radio interface, and multi radio network, in which each of the node is equipped with at least two transceivers. This paper presents the detail survey of all the existing comparison made between these two schemes. Keywords- Channel Allocation Scheme, Dynamic Channel Allocation, Static Channel Allocation, Single radio network, Multi-radio network Introduction Growth in the customers of the wireless networks, let it be cellular systems or any other Wireless network, has amplified the need to have the networks which can have more capacity and accommodate more and more users. Enlargement of wireless market has made capacity of the wireless network a scarce resource. Methods to improve effective capacity utilization of the wireless network are under consideration and in [4], it is realized that these methods involve source coding schemes, power control, better modulation schemes, improved antennas. Other then these methods capacity of wireless system can be improved by installing more bas stations i.e increasing number of transmitting equipment or improving hardware equipment of current system. Using better channel allocation schemes is also one of the methods to improve capacity utilization of wireless network. The aim of this paper is to focus on channel allocation schemes. These channel allocation schemes are not much of importance in the wired networks because their topology is stable and they do not offer any mobility to the users/nodes. But in the wireless networks, channel allocation of key importance. The vital role of the wireless networks is that they offer mobility to users hence, the channel allocation algorithm has to assign channels to ports and portables so that best trade-off between the quality of service and system performance is maintained [3]. A given spectrum of frequency, can be divided into several independent sets, these independent sets are completely disjoint with each other. Hence even if they are used simultaneously, they will not interfere with each other. So splitting the frequency spectrum into independent channels and then using all the channels for communication simultaneously present improvement in the capacity utilization [6]. The channel allocation strategy is considered to be the core of mobile networks because it not only affects the quality and the availability of the channels to the user but changes the distribution of the traffic and hence, overall shapes the capacity of the network [3]. Two of the most common channel allocation schemes are considered in this paper namely, FCA- Fixed Channel Assignment or Fixed Channel Allocation and DCA- Dynamic Channel Allocation. Fixed Channel Allocation (FCA) Fixed Channel Allocation is also known as Static Channel Allocation. It is known as Fixed or Static because once the channel is allocated to a port or a user it does not change for the entire course of operation. It is used in all TDMA/FDMA digital cellular mobile networks [5] as number of frequency carriers in each cell stays fixed and does not depend on traffic load. It is a time insensitive solution, as with the passage of time allocation of the channels to nodes does not change. Although in real-time, traffic load in a cell varies, there are peak hours when the traffic load reaches to almost 100% and then there are quiet hours in a cell when traffic load is very low. This limitation dispirits the use of the FCA. But if a static condition is considered there is most likely a chance to get good performance with this channel allocation algorithm [3]. In a cellular system based on the FCA, channels are partitioned among the cells permanently so that if all the cells use all the channels assigned to them simultaneously, there will be no interference [1]. Figure cell pattern for Static Channel Allocation with N = 7 With more complex systems other channel strategies can achieve higher efficiency but they require processors with more memory. But it is an essential sacrifice to make as in [4] it is discussed that in each cell there are no static conditions, space traffic imbalance varies from 10% to 70%, and this imbalance in the traffic depends on the size of the cell or service area and type of the environment, whether its urban, suburban or rural area [4]. Dynamic Channel Allocation (DCA) In DCA, frequency channels are not fixed for any node or user. Depending upon knowledge of the environment, channels are assigned to the user. The distribution of the frequency carriers in a cell depends upon distribution of the users/nodes in the cell and also on offered traffic load. DCA is currently supported by the GSM [5]. In Dynamic Channel Allocation Scheme all the channels which are available for a system, are kept in a queue or a spool. These channels are allocated to any cell temporarily. The only constraint is to fulfil the distance criteria, so that interference can be minimized [2]. The existing schemes for the Dynamic Channel Allocation can be categorized into three main types: IA-DCA (Interference Adaptive Dynamic Channel Allocation), LA-DCA (Location Adaptive Dynamic Channel Allocation) and TA-DCA (Traffic Adaptive Dynamic Channel Allocation), these schemes are based on the type of network dynamics they consider while making decision [4]. All DCA schemes basically evaluate the cost of using each available channel and opts the channel which introduces lowest cost [2]. For most accurate and good decision for channel allocation, the algorithm should have accurate knowledge of the environment [3]. The main algorithms which are considered under the study of Dynamic Channel Allocation are: DCET, Bellcore and Segregation DCA [3]. In DCET and Bellcore DCA algorithms, the decision of channel allocation is based on only single measurement of channel dynamics, while in the Segregation DCA, a radio interface acquires the channel depending upon its learning through past experience of channel usage. With the past knowledge, channel which has highest probability of success is chosen for operation. Although this algorithm requires processors with memory yet as decision is more meaningful so its performance is better than the DCET and Bellcore DCA algorithms [3]. In figure 2, in [7] results of performance of different type of DCA schemes are compared. Figure Performance of Different DCA methods Section II of the paper compares both of the channel allocation schemes in a single radio network and Section III shares the comparison done of channel allocation schemes in multi-radio network. Section IV shares the identified regions in which future work can be done and Section V concludes the paper. Comparison of DCA and FCA in Single Radio Network A single radio network a network in which all of the nodes of the wireless network consist of maximum of one radio interface and this single radio interface is used for the communication purposes. In this section the comparison of the DCA and FCA in single radio network is presented. Figure Algorithms for Dynamic Channel Allocation In a given cell, if a node requests a call, it will be served only and only if the cell has an unused channel available, which fulfils the reuse criteria, otherwise the call will be blocked [1]. Such is the case with Static Channel Allocation Scheme. But this is not the case with the Dynamic Channel Allocation Schemes, as for each of the call that is to be served; channel is taken from the overall pool that holds all the channels available for wireless system. In any channel allocation strategy, main aim is to find the best possible way to reuse the channels to maximize the systems capacity, while keeping interference in the system at minimum and provide quality of service to the user [4]. From another view, for allocating channel, the objective is taken as to allocate the channel to a call so that number of blocked calls is minimized and the number of dropped calls is also minimized. In the end, the channel allocation scheme finds the best trade-off between these two objectives because generally priority is given to minimize the number of dropped calls, as having a call dropped is more undesirable then not having the call connected at all [1]. Both schemes for channel allocation FCA and DCA are compared under the assumption that the call arrival distribution is Poisson [5]. For the purpose of modelling in FCA it is considered that there are z numbers of channels per frequency carrier and y is the number of control channels. In a given cell i, let total number of frequency carrier be Ci and the total number of channels in the cell, which will be used to serve a call will be ci. The expression for ci is given as: (1) While this will not be the case for DCA, as frequency carriers are not permanently assigned to any of the cell. As the channel assignment depends on environment so, if we take n as the number of active calls in any cell, then frequency carriers allocated to that cell will be: (2) Total number of channels required, for any cell should be equal to the number of active calls and the control channels. But the number of frequency carriers which has z number of channels each should be either more or equal than actually required [5]. In equation (2), shows that value is always taken equal or greater than a [5]. For the first simulation, the arrival rate of the calls is set at the overload value; this means that the overload period is considered where the numbers of calls initiated per minute are more than the actual capacity of the system. The observation made over here is that, under heavy traffic load, efficiency of the network or the channel utilization and capacity of the network does not improve by using DCA instead of FCA. Although it was considered as the fact that DCA will always perform better than FCA. Figure Effect of the handover on FCA and DCA In figure 4, the phenomenon observed is known as phenomenon of low capacity island [5]. Under heavy load, no benefit is achieved by using DCA, as in such a scenario both of the schemes will be utilizing capacity to the full extent. Rather DCA may perform worse than FCA. The reason is that due to dynamic channel allocation, a cell may borrow some of the frequency channels form the neighbouring cells during the low traffic period and the neighbouring cell does not get the channel back. The cell which has obtained the channel is let us say known as the lucky cell, and the cell which donated the channel and in the end, was unable to get it back is known as unlucky cell [5]. Now during the high load traffic period, if lucky cell wants to handover the call to a neighbouring unlucky cell. But as the unlucky cell would already be out of available channels to be able to serve the call, call will be dropped. Hence under such a scenario the drop out probability of dynamic channel allocation sch eme would be higher than static channel allocation algorithm. Other simulation is to find out the effect of the arrival rate on call blocking probability. Arrival rate is the number of calls initiated per minute. Through simulation, it is concluded that DCA performed better if the traffic load is within the range 0.6 to 0.9 Erlang/BS/Channel. (figure 5) Figure Analysis of DCA and FCA, call blocking ratio with respect to the arrival rate of the calls During the next case it was considered that arrival rate is Poisson and the other parameters like handover rate and call holding time etc are evenly distributed all over the cell. From the figure 6 it is clear that as probability of call blocking increases with the increase in the arrival rate of calls. Which is fairly obvious, more are the number of the users which are to be served, there is more likely a chance that some of them may not be able to get a free channel. Figure Performance analysis of FCA and DCA, Arrival rate of calls with respect to the over all blocking probability Under such consideration as can be observed from the figure 6, DCA performs better than FCA, as in case of congestion in a cell, DCA can borrow channels from the neighbouring cells but in case of FCA, the scheme has no option but to reject the oncoming calls in case of congestion. Figure 7 shows the amount of traffic carried by FCA and DCA according to the traffic load. Figure comparison between FCA and DCA with respect to the carried traffic under the traffic load Figure 8 shows the performance of the channel allocation schemes when traffic imbalance is considered. It is observed that network capacity to carry data, in case of FCA, reduces significantly when data imbalance is considered. But in case of DCA, there is no significant degradation in networks capacity to carry the data. There is also significant increase in the number of calls blocked by FCA, because of the increase in the traffic imbalance. But as the carried capacity does not decrease much in case of the DCA, there is not much of the increment in number of the blocked calls. Figure FCA Vs. DCA, effect of the traffic imbalance on the both channel allocation techniques Comparison of DCA and FCA in Multi Radio Network A multi radio network is the type of the network where each node is equipped with at least two or more than two transceivers. Fixed Channel Allocation in Multi-radio network It is pointed out in [14], throughput and overall performance of wireless networks decreases with increased density of radios, but major reason for this problem is that these radios do not transmit the data simultaneously as the nodes are generally configured with single radios only and this factor basically limits the forwarding capacity of the network. In [15], the authors have emphasized that with the introduction of more than one NIC (Network interface cards) in wireless networks, performance of the system can be improved 6 to 7 times, instead of just doubling the performance. The same phenomenon has been confirmed in [16]. There has been much work done, in which the performance gain in wireless mesh networks with multiple interfaces is discussed as compared to single radio interface network. In [13], capacity gain between single radio, dual radio and multi-radio wireless mesh networks is compared and realistically the gain achieved by having multiple radio interfaces in the network has been discussed. Apart from that, in [17], authors have proposed that with implementation of multi-radio Diversity approximately 2.3 times performance gain is measured in the single radio network. Under the multi-radio scenario, one important factor is to consider proper channel assignment. Each of the radios should be tuned to a frequency through which the throughput of the whole network is maximized. The introduction of multiple radios is not without the trade off of increased complexity of channel assignment schemes and the traffic allocation methods [20] and apart from that, more work is done in this domain. In [10], [8], [19], the authors have proposed some approaches to get maximum possible throughput by different channel assignment algorithms. The concept of the Static Channel Allocation in this section is extended to Wireless Mesh Networks, as before the start of the operation in the wireless mesh networks the channels are properly allocated and then till the end of the operation, the channel assignment does not change. In this section, multi-radio wireless mesh network is considered and it is observed that how by having multiple radio interfaces the performance of the network improves. Figure Performance of the FCA algorithms with 3 channels Figure 9 shows the impact of the different algorithms for the channel allocation in the three channel scheme [8]. Figure performance of the FCA algorithms with 12 channels Figure 10 shows the impact of the different algorithms for the channel allocation in the twelve channel scheme [8]. Figure 11 shows that with different channel allocation algorithms, how the increment in number of interfaces per node impacts the performance of network. In all algorithms it is observed that with the increase in number of radio interfaces per node, throughput of wireless networks improves [9]. Figure FCA algorithm comparison with different number of radio interfaces per node Figure effect of increased number of interfaces per node on the over all normalized broadcast latency In figure 12, it is shown that with different channel allocation schemes for multi-interface wireless mesh network, normalized latency for broadcast decreases with the increase in number of radio interfaces per node [9]. In figure 13, it is simulated that with the increase in the number of interfaces per node, there is not an unlimited increment in capacity utilization. Multi radios are used so that in a network there could be as many concurrent transmissions as possible. But even this has a limit to it. In [10], it is shown that after achieving the maximum level of capacity utilization, even after by adding more number of radio interfaces in a network, no advantage is gained. Figure capacity degradation with increase in the number of radio interfaces per node Figure Effect of the number of channels and multiple radio interfaces on the throughput In figure 14, it is shown that as long as the number of the available channels in a cell; are more than the number of interfaces per node, with increase in number of radios per node, throughput of the network will increase [11]. Figure throughput increment of a network by increased number of the interfaces per node In figure 15, it is shown that under a proper channel assignment and routing method, with more number of interfaces per node, the throughput of the system improves considerably [12]. In [13], as shown in figure 16 and 17, performance of fixed channel allocation scheme is compared in detail with respect to single radio network and the multi-radio network. Figure overall network capacity increment with more number of radio interfaces present at each node In figure 16, it is proved that the capacity of the overall system improves with the usage of multiple radios per node. Figure capacity of each AP with multiple interfaces per node Comparison between single radio to the multiple radios In figure 17, per Access Point capacity is simulated to have comparison between multi-radio interface per node and single radio interface per node. Dynamic Channel Allocation in Multi-radio Network: There has been little work which proves the introduction of multiple interfaces while using the Dynamic Channel Allocation provides any performance up-gradation. Analytically it is assumed that, as the introduction of multi-interfaces in wireless mesh networks improves performance, similarly the performance of networks using Dynamic Channel Allocation can be improved by introducing more than one interface on a single node. Some of the analysed parameters, which show the relative improvement in performance, are listed below: Parameter I: Improvement in the throughput of the system: In a single radio cognitive network, as shown in figure 18, the node D has two data packets of equal size in its internal queue, one for node C and one for node. Nodes E and C are at the equal distance d from the node D but are tuned at different channels. In this particular case each packet will take time t to reach the destination. Even if we neglect the switching time, cognitive radio present at D will take to switch from one channel to the other channel, the time taken to completely transmit both of the packets will be t+t = 2t. Figure Single Radio Network Now even if the same network topology is considered but now consider that each of the nodes is equipped with two interfaces (figure 19). Node D will be able to transmit both of the packets simultaneously to node C and node E, considering that interface 1 is tuned to the channel on which communication with node E is possible and interface 2 is tuned to the frequency over which communication with node C is possible. In this case there will be no delay caused by the switching of the channel. Figure Multi-interface radio network Figure Effect of channel switching Conclusion: The transmission time is decreased with the factor of N, where N is the number of interface each of the node will have. Throughput is improved with the factor of N. Parameter II: Latency of the network will decrease: With the introduction of the multiple interfaces in the cognitive radio network, latency of the network will decrease. Figure Multi-hop Single interface Wireless Network Initially considering the multi-hop scenario, considering an intermediate node, it has to receive an incoming transmission on channel 1 and then it has to tune its radio to the channel 2 to be able transmit the received transmission to the destination node. Latency of such network will consist of: Transmitting time of packet over channel 1 from source node to intermediate node: t1 Transmitting time of packet over channel 2 from intermediate node to destination node: t2 Switching time required for the interface on intermediate node to switch from channel 1 to channel 2: t3 Hence the total latency of such a system will be: t1+ t2+ t3 Figure Multi-hop Multi interface Wireless Network Now comparing the previous scenario with the one in which each of the node is equipped with at least two interfaces. Now on the intermediate node interface 1 will be tuned to channel 1 and interface 2 will be tuned to channel 2. If there is an incoming transmission on channel 1 and it is to be transmitted to the channel 2, the total latency will be: Transmitting time of packet over channel 1 from source node to intermediate node: t1 Transmitting time of packet over channel 2 from intermediate node to destination node: t2 Hence the total latency of such a system will be: t1+ t2 The switching time will not be considered over here; hence comparatively the latency is decreased with the introduction of another interface on the cognitive radio node. Conclusion: The latency factor is dependent on switching time of the cognitive radio. This factor comes into effect with more dominance with increase in the number of hops in the multi-hop network. Latency can be greatly reduced with the introduction of multi interfaces on the cognitive radio network. Parameter III: Connectivity of the network will improve: The probability of isolation of any node in a network will be reduced with the introduction of the multi-interfaces in the cognitive radio network. Figure Single interface node with the available channels Considering the scenario, in figure 23, where a secondary network has four channels available for its utilization, now for a given condition, all radio interfaces are tuned to either one of the channel 1, 2 or 3. If a single interface chooses channel 4, it will be isolated from the rest of the network. Assuming that the probability of opting for such a channel is p then the overall probability of getting a node isolated from the rest of the network will be p. Figure Multi-Interface node with the available channels Now for multiple interfaces, a node will only be separated if both the interfaces of a single node choose channel 4. A node will be isolated if and only if: Interface 1 chooses channel 4 AND interface 2 chooses channel 4 P2 As according to the probability rules p Conclusion: The probability of isolating a node, is decreased with the factor of N [N is the number of radios] as compared to the probability of node isolation in case of single interface cognitive radio networks. Here mutual independence among the DCA algorithms running on both of the radio interfaces is considered, but this is not generally the case. The performance of a cognitive radio network is strictly dependent on the number of cognitive radios present in its vicinity [21]. Figure Improvement in throughput using multiple radios Figure Improvement in throughput of the network with multiple radio using different number of available channels Figure 25 and 26 shows the throughput improvement gained by the introduction of multiple radios as compared to a single radio and in both of the figures different number of available channels are considered [24]. Comparison: Up till so far, none of the research has been carried out to find out whether any advantage is gained by deploying Dynamic Channel Allocation scheme in the multi-radio wireless network domain as compared to the implementation of the Fixed Channel Assignment algorithm. Considering the study made regarding the performance improvement gained by fixed channel allocation scheme and dynamic channel allocation scheme in multi-radio wireless network, there could be several hypotheses made. The complexity of implementation of Dynamic Channel Allocation algorithm will be more than that of Fixed Channel Allocation algorithm. Although the same is true in case of single radio network, but in case of the Multi-radio network, the complexity increment will be more significant. The reason can be taken as if the spectrum view of a single interface of a node changes in multi-radio network, for the similar node the situation changes for the other interfaces as well [21]. The performance improvement obtained by implementation of the Dynamic Channel Allocation algorithm as compared to the Fixed Channel Allocation in the multi-radio will have similar effects as it has in the Single radio network. The same effect on the throughput of the system, data carrying capacity and the effect of the traffic load and traffic imbalance will be observed. Another important factor that can be predicted because of the observation made via simulation figures is as the performance of the wireless network depends upon the density of the nodes in a network. As compared to the Fixed Channel Allocation Scheme, Dynamic Channel Allocation Algorithms will be more sensitive to the density of the network [23]. There will be no matter of connectivity in case the Fixed Channel Assignment Scheme is deployed on the wireless network. As before the point of operation with FCA, it is made sure that all of the nodes are connected and none of the node is left isolated. With the Dynamic Channel Allocation there will still be a small probability that a node can get isolated from the rest of the network. In the Fixed Channel Allocation for the multi-radio wireless network the distribution of radio interfaces do not matter for the performance. But in case of the DCA, better performance can be improved if radio interface distribution on the nodes is not uniform. DCA will perform better if the first hop nodes have more number of radio interfaces than rest of the network nodes [22]. Future Work The points raised, during this study are just concluded through observation and analytically studying the response of the Fixed Channel Allocation Algorithm in the Multi-Radio network and Dynamic Channel Allocation Algorithm in Multi-Radio Network. These observations can be further improved by using proper simulating tools. Conclusion In the single radio wireless network, DCA exhibits better performance than FCA. The same behaviour is predicted for the multi-radio wireless network, but with the increased complexity. And much better performance can be achieved by taking care of the distribution of the radios in the network. Still it should be considered that there will not be infinite performance gain obtained by using multi-radio network and DCA. The limitation imposed is that number of channels available to a cell should always be greater than the number of interfaces per node has.

GOOD STUFF :: essays research papers

April 19, 2001--Tennessee State University has renamed the Heiman Street Residential Complex the Harold E. Ford Sr. and John N. Ford Residential Complex. The Ford brothers were joined by other family members for ceremonies help April 18 on the grounds of the complex. "It is wonderful to see so many senators here today; we can hold a budget meeting right now," Harold Ford said, as he pointed out dignitaries in the audience. They included Lieutenant Governor John Wilder, Deputy Governor Wendell Moore, Senator Gene Elsea, Senator Doug Henry, Senator James Kyle Jr., and Senator Randy McNally. After receiving commemorative gifts, the Fords surprised the audience with a gift to Tennessee State of $500,000. "This is a truly outstanding donation, and the Fords can be sure Tennessee State University will put it to good use," said TSU President James Hefner. There are 12 siblings in the Ford family, most of whom graduated from Tennessee State University. On hand for the presentation were brother Joe Ford; sisters Joyce Ford Miller and Ophelia Ford; nephews James Ford Jr. and Edmund Ford; and Autumn Ford, John Ford’s daughter. Harold Ford Jr., U.S. Representative, relayed his regrets for not being able to attend, as did Governor Don Sundquist and former vice president Al Gore. "I am proud today," said Lt. Gov. Wilder. "Is it because of the bricks and mortar we are recognizing today? No, though we need bricks and mortar. Is it because of Tennessee State University? No, though that is reason to be proud. "I am proud because I look back to Purdy, Tennessee, where Otis Floyd [former president of Tennessee State University] attended school in a one-room schoolhouse. He let me walk by his side. I am proud when I think of Odell Horton [United States District Judge for the Western District of Tennessee] working in a cotton patch in Hardin County. He let me walk by his side. But nothing makes me prouder than this family. I love you; God bless you." U.S. Representative Harold Ford Sr. became the first African American from the state of Tennessee to be elected to Congress and served from 1975 until his retirement in 1997. Senator John N. Ford has served in the Tennessee State Senate since 1974. He has been a key supporter of Tennessee State University throughout his legislative tenure and played a significant role during the development of the $112 million master plan for campus improvement. Both Congressman Ford and Senator Ford are alumni of TSU who have continually supported the university throughout their careers.

Early Child Development Essay -- Child Development Psychology Sociolog

Early Child Development There are many key factors that play up to the role of early child development, starting from before the child is nonexistent, until the child is a full grown baby. Bodily Processes of Reproduction There are numerous hormones in the human body that play key factors in allowing a human being to reproduce successfully. Spermatogenesis Spermatogenesis is the 65 to 75 day process in which the human male anatomy produces sperm cells. In the male body, follicle-stimulating hormones, or FSH, and leutinizing hormones, or LH, are very important in the process of spermatogenesis. These hormones control sperm reproduction. The production of the hormones testosterone and androgens are stimulated by the leutinizing hormones. During this process, the follicle-stimulating hormones motivate the testes to produce sperm. The development of the sperm takes place in twisted tubules called seminiferous tubules. Mitosis occurs, in which the diploid cells multiply themselves constantly. Then, day by day, at least 3 million of these cells begin to undergo meiosis, where the number of doubled chromosomes is reduced in half by dividing the cell over and over again. In order for the first phase of Meiosis to begin, the cell must become a primary spermatocyte. After this has occurred, the diploid cell, which has 46 chromosomes, split into two haploid secondary spermatocytes, each containing only 23 chromosomes. In the next phase of Meiosis, Meiosis II, the two cells split, again, forming four cells also consisting of 23 chromosomes, and the cell undergoes the change in order to perform its more specialized function for reproduction. This production takes place in the male gonads, also known as the testes. Oogenesis Oogenesis, also called ovigenesis, is the process in which the female anatomy produces egg cells. The egg cell is made up of three layers: a jelly coat, the vitelline layer, and the egg cell’s plasma membrane. A hormone called gonadotropin releasing hormone, or GnRH, control the production of the follicle-stimulating hormones and the leutinizing hormones that, as stated above, are also found in the male body. The process of oogenesis is similar to spermatogenesis. Although produced by the leutinizing hormones, the androgen hormones control the levels of FSH, GnRH, as well as the LH. Oogenesis begins before bi... ..., M.D., F.A.A.P., Robert, (2001) Alcohol and Drugs During Pregnancy. Retrieved October 19, 2004 from http://www.drspock.com/article/0,1510,4547,00.html The Parent Report.Com. (2004). Newborn Vision. Retrieved October 28, 2004 from http://www.theparentreport.com/resourses/ages/newborn/health/58.html Piaget’s Cognitive Stages. (n.d.). Retrieved October 19, 2004 from: http://honolulu.hawaii.edu/intranet/committees/FacDevCom/guidebk/teachtip/piaget.htm Saskatchewan Education. Perspectives on Human Development Across the Life Span: Influences on Prenatal Development. (n.d.) Retrieved October 19, 2004 from http://www.sasked.gov.sk.ca/curr_inst/social/AgesStagesUnit2.pdf Saskatchewan Education. Perspectives on Human Development Across the Life Span: Looking Through the Eyes of the Fetus†¦What Do You See?. (n.d.) Retrieved October 31, 2004 from page 4 to 10 at http://www.sasked.gov.sk.ca/curr_inst/social/AgesStagesUnit2.pdf University of Albany. The Organized Newborn-Reflexes, Perceptual Capabilities and Social Readiness. (n.d.) Retrieved October 20, 2004 from the University of Albany web site: http://blue.csbs.albany.edu:8000/infancy.htm

The Positive Impact of Computers in the Classroom :: Education Technology Essays

The Positive Impact of Computers in the Classroom Computers have been integrated in almost every aspect of today’s society; PC’s in the home and office, laptops for business traveling, graphics software for the media, and most significantly computers in the classroom. However, the technology of computers has not always been part of the education system and is a relatively new part of the teaching and learning process. In the 1950s large and expensive computers were only used by the government and large corporations (Beekman, 2003). In 1958 the National Defense Education Act extended its funding to allow schools the luxury of new technology, but the first PC didn’t enter the classroom until 1975 when a few Apple I PC’s were donated to schools (History, 2004). As computers became smaller and less expensive they integrated themselves as part of society and the education system. In the 1990s school systems began purchasing PC’s for classrooms and labs. Soon after the introduction of the PC’s, the World Wide Web was developed and students and faculty were â€Å"surfing the web† for new informational sources. Now in the 21st century, computers aid in basically every educational aspect. For example, computers are beneficial for saving large quantities of information such as enrollment, attendance, records, grades, assignments, tests, etc. This technological advance helps the staff to be more organized and eliminates mistakes. Teachers benefit from computers because they can quickly compute grades and grade tests through the use of scan-trons, receive assignments as email attachments, and save all homework and tests pre-typed on disks. All of these things allow teachers to dedicate more time to teaching and less time for preparations and after school work. Also computers in the classroom not only gives students more sources of knowledge, but they also give teachers the option of obtaining news articles, pictures, sources, and education web sites from the internet. Even though computers are everywhere in the school and benefit all staff and faculty, the students by far receive the most benefits from integrated classroom technology, Sasa Petricici of CBC’s The National, visited schools that have integrated computers into the classroom.

Obesity as a Social and Medical Problem Essay

Obesity has become an epidemic in our over indulgent North American society. In addition to body image issues, obesity causes significant health issues. Society often views the word obesity to be a disease when it is actually a sign of a disorder; genetic or environmental. The percentage of our population that is growing overweight is increasing every year, and can become a very serious issue if it is not dealt with more urgently. Problems relating to self-confidence, self-consciousness, and isolation can occur as a result. An enduring problem in today’s society, especially with children, has to deal with sociality. Public appearance is very important to us and when we don’t look good, or have a low self-esteem, it can lead to further issues; possibly fatal. Those with the â€Å"obese† label have to deal with social problems every single day. The fact they don’t look â€Å"normal† causes them to not fit in with the â€Å"regular crowd† and can lead to isolation issues. Being isolated from the majority of the population can lead to problems such as depression and later on, suicide. Another big influence on social problems relating to obesity is the media. Every day at some time, somewhere, we are watching TV, reading the newspaper, or searching the web. The media tends to give labels and meaning to words in which we get influenced on. The view that the media portrays to us is that if you are a certain weight, you are obese; and vice-versa. Another problem with the media is the amount of time our society spends on it. Time consumed on useless media takes away from time spent doing productive activities such as exercising. However, the corruption in social patterns relating to obesity isn’t the only problem. Another big factor stands on the medical side. Obesity is a risk in a number of prolonged diseases. Maintaining a healthy weight is critical in order to reduce the risk of those diseases and additionally, improve your overall health. Many children and youth have fewer opportunities to be physically active at school as physical education classes and time spent being physically active at school have been reduced. Being overweight or obese has many risks involved. Serious conditions such as a stroke, high blood pressure, and Type 2 diabetes, can occur as a result; just to name a few. Linked with health problems is a poor diet. Variations in our food environment have made it challenging to maintain a healthy weight. Society tends to want to eat more fast-food rather than cooking at home because it is cheaper and less time-consuming. We have become lazy when it comes to our diets. We don’t take into consideration the Food Guide and basically eat what we want, when we want. Obesity is also a major drain on the economy. The amount of money being spent on health care because of obesity-related diseases is astronomical. The Globe and Mail had an article headlined, â€Å"Obesity costs economy up to $7-billion a year†. By eating right and maintaining a healthy lifestyle, our society can cut down economic costs drastically. All we need to have is some discipline, the proper diet, and exercise. Numerous children today are spending less time exercising and more time in front of the TV, computer, or video-game console. Even worse, some schools have banned the use of balls used at recess. An article in the Toronto Star explained why such a peculiar ban took place at Earl Beatty Public School, â€Å"The letter stated that there have been a â€Å"few serious incidents† in which staff and students have been hit, or come close to being struck, by flying balls. Not only are we lacking in exercise, the catalyst for running around at recess has now been taken away for some. This issue is going to further decrease the amount of physical activity kids partake in, and increase the possibilities of obesity. Commuting to and from work also contributes to obesity when you consider that in order to get by, mo st families need to have at least two incomes. People often have to commute long distances to jobs, and with the minimal time for meal preparation, fast foods become a number one option. Furthermore, having supermarkets, as well as other grocery stores open all night, more money is being spent on expensive, half-prepared meals. Children need to have a healthy example with their parents being physically active and eating healthy. Preventing children from becoming overweight means adapting to the way your family eats and exercises. Many believe that it is the parents fault when it comes to child obesity, and they’re correct. Children don’t have the discipline to eat â€Å"healthy† foods and aren’t capable of preparing home-made meals. It is the parent’s job to influence and lead the way for our youth. If parents set a better example health-wise for their children, it is highly doubtful that the percentage of obesity would be even remotely close to where it is now. Managing and preventing obesity can lead to many societal benefits. Having healthy, positive-minded people in our cities is always encouraging. Managing obesity can lessen the stress that occurs at work, as well as create a friendlier environment. Having a good work environment has shown to raise productivity, therefore creating better capital. Another optimistic result from obesity management in society is the discipline factor. If those that are overweight can overcome a huge default in their life, by working hard and staying focused, it will then translate into other aspects of their day-to-day lives. Our society will become that of a disciplined one, therefore work will become more productive because there is better focus on the tasks at hand; furthermore, children in school will become more confident because of how hard they worked as well as their new self-image. Overall, if our world can manage and prevent obesity, living can ultimately consist more of positive vibes and less of anxiety. In conclusion, it is clear we have a serious issue with obesity that impacts many aspects of people’s lives. It is an austere condition that doesn’t get monitored with enough concern. Possibilities such as Type 2 diabetes and high blood pressure are the two leading causes from being overweight. Medical, as well as social research can help people further comprehend that weight and obesity issues are vastly social, not individual. We have to start working together on fighting obesity. We are a lazy society and we tend to make things harder than they really are. If society works together to help those in need by giving them the courage and confidence needed to make a personal change, this unnecessary burden called obesity can be upheld. It all starts with the right diet as well as exercise and a strong commitment. As little as ten minutes a day on the bike can improve one’s health. The ball is in our court, and stronger action needs to be taken. We need to start now because the benefits to individuals as well as society are well worth the effort.

Porter’s Model Approach for Rice Industry

Why should Vietnam develop rice production as its competitive advantage? Rice is one of the leading food crops in the world with 85% of its production accounted by human consumption (The Importance of Rice, 2011). Rice is also the most important crop to millions of small farmers who grow it on millions of hectares throughout the region, and to the many landless workers who derive income from working on these farms. In the future, it is imperative that rice production continue to grow at least as rapidly as the population, if not faster.The world’s annual rough rice production will have to increase markedly over the next 30 years to keep up with population growth and income-induced demand for food (The Importance of Rice, 2011). In Viet Nam, rice plays an important role in national food security and political stability. Rice also has a direct effect on social security because it is consumed by a vast majority of the total population and is an important source of income for more than 60 million people living in agriculture and rural areas. Rice is the country’s main crop, accounting for more than 90% of total cereal production.Since the 1990s, the volume of rice exports has risen dramatically, making Viet Nam the second largest rice exporter in the world. Nevertheless, serious food security concerns in the country remains. Pockets of poverty and malnutrition persist more in remote areas and among ethnic tribes (Asian Development Bank, 2012 p. 01). Average food per capital has been increased rapidly, but inequally among regions: In 2007, Mekong is 1,075 kg, South Central Coast 287 kg; the North West 217 kg and the Central Highland 174 kg (the variation between the Mekong and the Central Highland is 6. 17 times)(Nguyen Vu Hoan, 2010 p. 3). Furthermore, rice industry is critical in the Vietnamese’s sustainable economic environment. Rice export helps increase foreign currency inflows and capital accmulation for the industrialization modernization process of the country. Specifically, the increase in rice export volumn means a growth in national incomes, in turns, a growth in national GDP. Realizing rice’s significance and the various threats, the government does not only seek solution but also plays an important role in the international rice market, and consequently, in the food security of the international communityThe factorial determinants Land is the first and foremost production material in rice cultivation. The soil fertility dominates profoundly the intensiveness ability and production prices. According to a survey of the Agriculture Ministry, land area with agriculture capability is above 10 million hectares, in which 8. 5 million hectares are suitable for rice cultivation (The Necessity of Vietnam’s Rice Expor, 2011). Therefore, land resource in Viet Nam has advantages in both intensive and extensive farming.In addition, the climate is ideal for rice due to the combination of humidity and stormy wea ther. Also, the canal and river systems spread densely throughout the country, especially the three major rivers including Red, C? and Nine Dragons Rivers, which provide farmers with huge amount of water. These natural conditions helps create a solid foundation for rice industry in Viet Nam. The human resource is another factor contributing to rice production. 50% of national labour force participates in farming with broad knowledge and experience passed down by their ancestors (Asian Development Bank, 2012 p. 1). The Vietnamese culture has been attached deeply to rice cultivation; consequently, the people possessed various compatible skills with the particular weather conditions in Viet Nam. The amount of research and development carried out has been considerable. Many new rice varieties have been introduced offering much higher yield than the old ones. Besides, new production model has been applied and used successfully in boosting productivity, together with efficient irrigation system.Advanced drainage, aluminum, salt removal techniques are deployed to improve rice quality (Asian Development Bank, 2012 p. 02). Viet Nam is the country to have cheapest cost of production within South-East Asia, especially in Mekong Delta – cheapest in the world. This creates price competitiveness for Vietnamese rice in both domestic and foreign market (The Competitiveness of Agricultural Products in the Context of Joining AFTA, 2003). The infrastructure system is continually upgraded to help make use of every source efficiently.The Government is currently working with foreign countries especially Australia. The two nations are carrying on several projects on projects: build Cao Lanh Bridge; Mekong Delta infrastructure and Vietnam Rural Energy Distribution to provide efficient delivery of power service by power companies; also a Southern Coastal Corridor connecting between Viet Nam, Thailand and Cambodia. As soon as these instructions go into operation, many efforts ca n be made to exploit potential benefits that have not yet been seen (AusAid, 2013). The overnment also concerns about the educational and health level of people from rural areas. The systems of school at all levels are being constructed new, upgraded and temporary primitive schools and classes are being eliminated. Besides, rural health care system continues to be enhanced quite comprehensive, truly becomes the rural residents’ crucial initial health care system, growing both in terms of number of health stations, qualification of health service providers as well as the physical facilities. (Agricultural and Fishery Situation in Vietnam, 2011). The Demand ConditionsAs the Viet Nam’s economy has been growing, leading to higher living standards especially in big cities, the demand for consumption goods is rising including rice. Moreover, people get access to high quality rice both from foreign and domestic market. Therefore, a potential growth in demand for superior qual ity rice is obvious and people will turn to other rice exporters like Thailand if its rice quality is higher. However, domestic production can take over the rice market by producing high quality rice with lower prices based on new production model and continuous innovation in machinery and rice varieties.If the rice industry can successfully address this sophisticated demand, it can exploit profits from high-end market both domestically and internationally by producing much higher value-added rice. The Up and Downstream Industries The upstream industries supporting rice production include machinery, fertilizers and pesticides. The government realized the importance of these industries so it implemented policies to encourage investment on R&D and facilities. Vietnam has recently working on a project building a huge milling house with capacity of 100,000 tons per annum, in Mekong Delta region (Huynh Xu TTXVN, 2013).Also, the collaboration of many agriculture scientists and experts has resulted in eco-friendly fertilizers and pesticides using green recycled components, helping paddy field to grow more quickly. The packaging industry is in the downstream process in rice production. In order for the rice to be in the market, it must be packed properly first. An automatic packaging line is being used in many rice processing factories. The government does realize the benefit packaging could bring especially in marketing, value added function and brand perception. It is now encouraging competition among package production firms for a higher quality packaging.Rice manufacturers also cooperate with the packagers on their own packaging designs. The structure of the industry and its rivalry The economic units are mainly dominated by small-scaled farmers and there is significant land fragmentation. Theoretically, there is no competition among cooperatives. However, due to the fact that the whole rice production process is managed by Agriculture and Rural Development Minist ry and its regulations and standards put on the farmers to produce high quality rice, the Vietnamese rice competitiveness is considerable relative to other countries’.Moreover, the pressure to compete with other big rice exporter drives manufacturers to continuously upgrade their production model. The other contributing factors Chance Joining WTO provides several opportunities for rice exports. First, WTO is a big playing field offering a huge market including one for rice consumption as before Viet Nam became member of WTO; rice is limited in participating in global market. Besides, many enterprises have access to advanced technology in rice production.Secondly, a complete law system has been introduced in order to be able to join WTO, which encourages foreign investment funds since the other countries think Viet Nam has a m? e stable environment. Finally, there will be no unfairness in case of conflictions as the WTO’s commerce policy is applied to Vietnam ensuring o ur rights in international playground (Rice production situation after joining WTO, 2009). Wars are still big issues in many regions of the world and will continue to be. And food security is at stake in these particular areas. Vietnam’s rice export can become one of the major sources for food during instabilities.Government Policy The authorities also play a crucial role in influencing the nation’s competitive advantage. Regarding the supply side, Viet Nam’s Government has implemented multiple measures to boost production including decollectivism (xoa b? ch? nghia t? p th? ) transforming land and production materials to household system; agricultural R&D involving one third of the S&T government budget to support hybrid rice varieties for farmers; access to credit provided by Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development and favoured loan interest rate granted to farmers (Dang Kim Son, 2011).The government, being aware of rice industry’s significance, has b een putting huge investment and concern about this and will continue to do so In foreign trade, policy such as removing export quotas has encouraged foreign investors. Besides, control is still be made over export contract registration as well as conditions to rice export enterprises to ensure rice quality. In conclusion, the rice industry is promising due to several factors both from Porter’s model and from outside sources.The human, natural, knowledge resources are all favourable to rice production in the first place. Not to mention other factors namely demand, supporting industries, chances and government policy, these are essentially supporting the growth of rice industry though there are plenty of efforts to be made to exploit them. It is wise to take into consideration that making rice the nation’s competitive advantage. This does not only help the Viet Nam’s economical growth but also ensures its stability in far future.